The Lion Aquamani
The Lion Aquamanil. Lower Saxony. XIII century. Hamburg Museum
The Lion
The Lion Column base. Portal of the Church in Guilletre XII century
Antalop
Antalop /antalops/ 9.4 х 6 cm The text on the antalop provides no clue for identifying it with the antelope we know. The text reproduces the narrative of “Physiologus” and is also given various intepretations in the writings by Pseudo-Hugh /II.2/, Pierre of Beau-vais /11.116/, Brunetto Latini /I.V.177/ and in the versed bestiaries of Philippe…
DetailsThe Antalop
The Antalop Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL (The Saint Petersburg Public Library). Lat.Q.V.III, N 1, f. 48 v.
The Antalop
The Antalop Miniature. Bestiary of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, ms. Ashmole 1511, f. 14
Onocentaur
Onocentaur /onocentaurus/10X5.5 cm The onocentaur of the antique mythology was included in “Physiologus” due to the Greek translation of The Book of Isaiah, in which the prophet announced the destruction and fall of Babylon, on the ruins of which “wild beasts will lie down” /Isaiah 13:21 — 22/. Among them the Greek translation gives ovoxevTaupog…
DetailsThe Onocentaur
The Onocentaur Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V. Ill N 1, f. 39
The Onocentaur
The Onocentaur Marble relief. Church Saint-Sernin. Toulouse. XIII century
Hedgehog
Hedgehog /herinacius, ericius, echinus/ 9.3X3 cm According to Isaiah’s prophesy of the end of Babylon, the hedgehog is among the “unclean” animals /Isaiah 13:22, 34:1/. In “Physiologus” he is placed after the centaur. The text of the Saint Petersburg bestiary follows version “B” about the hedgehog “armed with spines” on which he sticks a bunch…
DetailsThe Hedgehog
The Hedgehog Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V.III, N 1, f. 53
The Fox
The Fox /vulpes/ Traditionally the fox is a symbol of cunning and guile. The text of the bestiary combines the description by Isidor /XII.2.29/ with the tale of “Physiologus”. The origin of the word “fox” /vulpis/ from “volubilis pedibus” /walking in circles”/ is borrowed from Isidor. The implication is that a fox makes those circuitous…
DetailsThe Fox
The Fox. Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL. Lat. Q.V.III. N 1. f. 51
Unicorn
Unicorn /unicornis, monoceros, rinoceros/ 9.8X6.6 cm “Unicorn is the best of all animals” says an old Russian song about the Dove’s Book. Indeed, the unicorn is most popular in the fantastic animal world; he has undergone all sorts of transformations during his legendary history. It is the most poetical image in the bestiary perceived by…
DetailsThe Unicorn Miniature
The Unicorn Miniature. Bestiary of the British Museum Harley ms, f. 6 v.
The Unicorn
The Unicorn Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Q.V.III, N 1, f. 38 v.
Beaver
Beaver /castor, fiber/ 10×5.7 cm The story of the unfortunate beaver and his symbolic interpretation is in itself clear evidence of profound inner links between the naturalistic, the symbolic and the etymological elements in an animal as depicted in the bestiary. The story about the beaver is a combination of the text by Isidor with…
DetailsThe Beaver Miniature
The Beaver Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V.III, N 1, f. 52
The Beaver
The Beaver Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V. Ill, N 1, f. 52
Hyena
Hyena /hyaena, hyena/ 10.5X7 cm In the Middle Ages the hyena feeding on carrion was believed to be the most repulsive creature of all. The Old Testament refers hyena to unclean animals /Lev.II, Deuteronomy, 14/. The image of the hyena hovers above the ruins of Babylon /Isaiah, 13:22, 24/, though there is no mention of…
DetailsThe Hyena
The Hyena. Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V.HI, N 1, f. 40
The Hyena
The Hyena. Miniature. Bestiary of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, N 764, f. 15
Hydra
Hydra /hydrus, hydra/ 10X6.8 cm The bestiaries of the twelfth century and the text by Pseudo-Hugh (II.7) follow the story by Isidor /XII.IV.22, 23/ who continued the story in “Physiologus” about the unceasing hostility between the hydra and the crocodile living in the Nile. When the hydra saw the crocodile sleeping on the bank with…
DetailsThe Hydra
The Hydra. Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V.III, N 1, f. 39 v.
Hydra
Hydra /hydrus, hydra/ 10×4.6 cm The second chapter about the hydra reproduces the text about the hydra of Lerne by Isidor and repeats the story about the hydra’s fight with the crocodile. Such repetitions are not infrequent in medieval compilation since the latter derived material from several different sources. The inclusion of the second chapter…
DetailsThe Hydra Capita
The Hydra Capital. Church in Saint-Aignan. XII century.
The Hydra
The Hydra Relief. XII century. Archaeological Museum. Nevers.
Sirens
Sirens /sirenes/ 10.1×7 cm “The sweet singing… of perilous sirens”, the fairy charms of which the ingenious Odysseys was lucky to escape, are viewed by the medieval mind as the incarnation of a worldly boon which is ruining human soul. In the course of their long, ages-old existence the treacherous and alluring sirens of the…
DetailsThe Sirens
The Sirens. Miniature. Manuscript of the Bodleian Library. Oxford. N 764, f. 74 v.
The Sirens
The Sirens Miniature. Bestiary of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, ms. Ashmol 1511, f. 65 v.
Wild Goat
Wild Goat /capra/ 10.2×6 cm Built according to the heraldic symmetry, the miniature illustrates the story of a wild goat who lives in the high mountains and sometimes comes down to the valley. She is known to be very sharp-sighted. The text of the bestiary originates from the description and interpretations of Greek “Physiologus”, in…
DetailsThe Wild Goal
The Wild Goal Miniature. Bestiary of the Bodleian Library. Oxford, ms. Ashmole 1511, f. 20 v.
The Wild Goal
The Wild Goal Miniature. Bestiary of the Bodleian Library. Oxford. N 764, f.
Onager
Onager /onager/ 10X6 см The text of the bestiary about the onager combines two narratives of Greek “Physiologus”, the one about the onager castrating his young offsprings “for them not to multiply”, and the other about the onager and the monkey registering time. “Physiologus” compares the onager castrating his young ones with the Apostles preaching…
DetailsThe Onager
The Onager Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V. Ill, N 1, f. 40 v.
Apes
Apes /simia/ 10.2×6.2 cm In the Latin versions of “Physiologus” and in bestiaries the text about the ape follows the story of the onager. The story presented in the bestiary is in fact a combination of passages from Isidor with the symbolic interpretation of “Physiologus”, though it does not associate the features of the monkey…
DetailsThe Ape
The Ape Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V.III, N 1, f. 40 v.
The Ape
The Ape Miniature. Bestiary of the Bodleian Library. Oxford. N 764, f. 17 v.
Satyr and Callitrix
Satyr and Callitrix / satyr us et callitrix/ medallion 6.6 cm in diameter The text is taken from Isidore /XII.II.33/. Satyr is a monkey with a face showing unending change of expression. Callitrix is a bearded monkey with a thick tail, the one which, possibly, is shown in the miniature of the Saint Petersburg bestiary.…
DetailsThe Satyr and Callitrix
The Satyr and Callitrix Miniature. Bestiary of the Bodleian Library. Oxford. N 764,f. 17 v.
Panther
Panther /panthera, pantera/ 10X6 cm Panther is the loveliest of all animals in the medieval bestiary. She is gentle and beautiful. “Physiologus” spares no colours describing its bright coat, which he compares to the many-coloured robes of Joseph and the queen in gold of Ophir /Psalms, 44:10/. In the bestiary the story taken from “Physiologus”…
DetailsThe Panther
The Panther Miniature. Bestiary of the Bodleian Library. Oxford. N 764, f. 7 v.
Elephant
Elephant /elephas/ 10×6.8 cm In the bestiary the story of the elephant begins with the story by Isidor, who derived the meaning of the name from the Greek /mountain/. Isidor spoke about the great size of the animal, its great intellegence and good memory, its usefulness in battle and also about the enmity between the…
DetailsThe Elephant
The Elephant Miniature. Bestiary of the Bodleian Library. Oxford. N 764, f. 12
The Elephant
The Elephant Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V. Ill, N 1, f. 41
Wolf
Wolf /lupus/ 10X5.5 cm The chapter about the wolf, missing in original “Physiologus”, is based on the information derived from Isidore /XII.II.23—24/, Pliny /VIII. 22.34/ and Solinus /2.36/ who described the wolf as a rapacious and greedy animal. The wolf has a big chest and strong jaws. He steals up to the sheepfold and catches…
DetailsThe Wolf
The Wolf Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V. Ill, N 1, f. 42
Dogs
Dogs /canis/ 10.2 X 6 cm; 10.2×2.5 cm; 10..2 X 6.5 cm In original “Physiologus” the chapter on dogs was omitted. In the bestiary the antique tales about the dogs collected by Pliny and Solinus are being revised and newly interpreted. The text of the bestiary includes passages originating from Isidor /XII.II.25—27/ and from St.…
DetailsThe Dogs
The Dogs Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V.III, N 1, f. 43 v.
Dogs
Dogs /canis/ 10.2X6 cm; 10.2; 2.5 cm; 10.2X6.5 cm In the Middle Ages the dog was likened to a shepherd guarding his flock. In contrast to the tradition of the Old Testament and even to the text of the Gospel /Mark, VII:27/ the medieval man looked upon the dog as a symbol of fidelity, loyalty…
DetailsStag
Stag /cervus/ 10.2X6.1 cm То the text derived from Isidor /XII.1.18—19/ the bestiary adds the narrative from “Physiologus” about the stag which drove a snake away from its hole and thus came to be associated with Christ defeating the dragon. The idea that the stag and the snake are enemies comes from Oppian /Cinegetica, II/…
DetailsThe Stag
The Stag Capital. Church in Brajac. XII century
The Stag
The Stag Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V. Ill, N 1, f. 50
Weasel
Weasel /mustela/ 10.3X2.4 cm Empedocles and Anaxagoras shared the antique notion that the weasel conceives by mouth and gives birth by ear, the notion which Aristotle called “a naive and rash utterance” /On the Origin of Animals, III.756 b 15/. Neither Albert the Great /XXII.I.79/ nor Brunetto Latini /I.V. 181/ mention it and still “Physiologus”…
DetailsThe Weasel
The Weasel Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V. N 1, f. 53
Ant
Ant /formica/ 9X5.5 cm The Saint Petersburg Bestiary similarly to the early versions of “Physiologus” begins the story of the ant with a quotation from the Proverbs of Solomon: “Go to the ant, О sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise”. /Proverbs 6:6/. “Physiologus” treats the ant in strict adherence to the moral of the…
DetailsThe Ant
The Ant Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V. Ill, N 1, f. 52 v.
Chamois
Chamois /ibex/ medallion 5.7 cm in diameter The chapter on the ibex or a stone ram is not included in the original “Physiologus”. It takes rise from Isidor /XII.1.16/ who derived his information from Pliny /VIII.53.79/, and from the symbolic interpretations of Gregory the Great to be found in his “Moralia in Job” /XXX. 10.36,…
DetailsThe Chamois
The Chamois. Miniature. Bestiary of the Bodleian Library. Oxford. N 764, f. 14 v.
Fire Stones
Fire Stones /lapides igniferi, terebolem, turrobolen, terroboli/ medallion 6.3 cm in diameter “Physiologus” and the bestiaries ascribe to the fire stones such qualities which the antique writers did not see in “lapides piroboli” /pyritis/ /Pliny, XXXVI.21.39/. The bestiary distinguishes male and female stones and says that their contiguity produces an all-consuming flame. The bestiary tries…
DetailsThe Fire Stones
The Fire Stones Miniature. Manuscript of the LPL.Lat.Q.V. Ill, N 1, f. 44